Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Bedroom remodeling

Building on their commitment to sustainability, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also offers personalized kitchen renovations that cater to your unique lifestyle and aesthetic preferences. This ensures precision in every cut, fit, and finish, translating to work that's not only done right but also done with an eye for detail. Vanity replacement For those looking to completely transform their home, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Learn more about Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey here offers comprehensive full-scale renovation solutions tailored to your unique needs.

Exterior siding replacement

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  3. Home addition services
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  7. Home theater installation
  8. Crown molding installation
  9. Electrical renovations
  10. Fence and gate installation
  11. Renovation cost estimates
  12. Living room renovation
  13. Roofing and gutters
  14. Home insulation upgrades
  15. Outdoor kitchen installation
  16. Mudroom design
  17. Modern home renovation Surrey
Whether you're looking to revamp your kitchen with the latest fittings, transform your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, or extend your living space with a bespoke extension, they've got you covered.
They highlighted the team's attention to detail and the smooth communication throughout the project. Their team of experts combines the latest trends with timeless designs, ensuring your home isn't just contemporary for today but remains stylish for years to come. Their streamlined process is designed to tackle challenges head-on, ensuring smooth sailing from start to finish.
Whether you're looking to automate your lighting, climate control, security, or entertainment systems, they've got you covered. They were particularly impressed with the innovative solutions provided to maximize their space while ensuring the addition blended seamlessly with the existing structure. By leveraging our industry connections, we're able to offer competitive pricing without compromising on the caliber of materials used.
For instance, they use recycled or sustainably sourced wood, low-VOC paints, and energy-efficient lighting fixtures. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. You'll notice this in the flawless finishes, the seamless integration of new additions with existing structures, and the bespoke solutions tailored just for your space. You don't need to have a clear vision of your project's end result; that's what the experts at Canyon are there for.

Your preferences and the project's requirements shape the selection process. This not only helps the environment but also reduces your utility bills. This means you're not left guessing about timelines or budgets; instead, you get a clear picture of how your project is unfolding. House remodeling experts Choosing Canyon Property Projects means opting for a seamless renovation journey, marked by clear communication, meticulous planning, and exceptional craftsmanship. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd means you're partnering with a team that listens to your needs, respects your budget, and delivers high-quality workmanship on time.

You'll find that their approach to interior design and decor centers on understanding your needs and preferences. As the project progresses, their team conducts regular on-site inspections to ensure these standards are being met. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just transform kitchens; they create the heart of your home where memories are made. Diving into the services offered, you'll find that Canyon Property Projects Ltd's expertise spans a comprehensive range of home improvement solutions tailored to meet your unique needs.

But it's not just about the materials and appliances; it's the craftsmanship and attention to detail that set Canyon Property Projects Ltd apart. Lastly, their commitment to transparency sets them apart. Their team collaborates closely with you, keeping you involved every step of the way. Their approach includes optimizing resource efficiency throughout the construction process.

Bedroom remodeling

  1. Local home renovators Surrey
  2. Home addition services
  3. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  4. Surrey heritage home restoration
  5. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  6. Home theater installation
  7. Crown molding installation
  8. Electrical renovations
  9. Fence and gate installation
  10. Renovation cost estimates
  11. Living room renovation
  12. Roofing and gutters
  13. Home insulation upgrades
  14. Outdoor kitchen installation
  15. Mudroom design
  16. Modern home renovation Surrey
  17. Porch renovation
  18. Kitchen renovation
  19. Laminate flooring installation


Selecting the right materials is crucial to ensuring your home improvement project stands the test of time and reflects your personal style. Your involvement is as hands-on or hands-off as you prefer, but rest assured, your project is in skilled hands, moving steadily towards a successful completion. This customer-centric approach guarantees that your project isn't just completed to the highest standards but also reflects your personal style and meets your functional requirements. You'll be kept in the loop from start to finish, ensuring a smooth and stress-free experience.

Citations and other links

Home Extension And Remodeling Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

When you dive into the testimonials, you'll notice a recurring theme of satisfaction and gratitude. As you finalize your design, you'll feel a sense of excitement. Instead, we tailor our quotes to match the specifics of your project, ensuring you're paying only for what you need. They're not just about looks; they ensure that every aspect of your kitchen is designed for maximum usability and comfort. If you're contemplating a transformation for your home, understanding how Canyon Property Projects Ltd. can elevate your living space might just be the inspiration you need to take that next step.

Plus, their craftsmen are skilled professionals who take pride in their work, paying close attention to even the smallest details. If you're ready to elevate your kitchen experience, they're the team to trust for a space that's uniquely yours. You're not just getting a facelift for your property; you're investing in a space that will inspire your team and impress your clients. This step is crucial because it informs the strategy they'll adopt to resolve your problem.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a proactive approach, anticipating potential issues before they become problems. Whether you're considering elevating your curb appeal, transforming your kitchen into a luxurious space, undertaking bespoke bathroom renovations, adding sophisticated home extensions, reimagining your interior design and decor, or revitalizing your landscaping and outdoor living areas, Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers tailored solutions that meet your specific needs. From the initial consultation to the final touches, they're there to ensure your vision becomes a reality, listening closely to your ideas and providing expert advice to enhance the outcome. They're not just adding rooms; they're creating spaces that enhance your daily living and increase your home's value.

It's home improvement taken to the next level. Bedroom remodeling This crucial stage sets the foundation for your project, ensuring that every detail aligns with your desires and requirements.

Landscaping and hardscaping

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  • Whole house renovation
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  • Flooring installation
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  • Deck and patio remodeling
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  • Garage conversion
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  • Closet renovations
  • Exterior home renovation
It's not just about making your space look good for now; they want to ensure it stands the test of time. Their approach to space transformation also focuses on enhancing natural light and optimizing energy efficiency, ensuring your home isn't only beautiful but also sustainable and cost-effective to run.

Home Extension And Remodeling Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Apartment Renovation Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

Apartment Renovation Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd's comprehensive home improvement services in Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey, you're not just enhancing the aesthetic appeal of your property; you're investing in its future value. Embarking on a home improvement journey can often feel like navigating through a dense forest, full of unknowns and potential pitfalls. Opting for shingle replacement or color changes can rejuvenate your home's look. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project is in hands that truly understand the value of tailoring everything to suit your individual needs and tastes.
That's why we've built our reputation on a foundation of trust and reliability, ensuring that every project we undertake is completed with the utmost professionalism and dedication to quality. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that your home is your sanctuary. Our team's expertise spans across all areas of home improvement, from initial design and planning to the final touches of decoration.
If there are any adjustments needed, they're on it, fast. Read more about Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey here Just as they've mastered the art of creating custom kitchens, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. now offers the same level of expertise and personalization for luxurious bathroom upgrades. They don't stop at materials, though.
With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just getting a service. Whether it's a minor adjustment you need or just some advice on maintaining your newly upgraded space, they're just a call or email away. Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s team of experts works closely with you to select materials and designs that align with your vision, ensuring the end result is both beautiful and functional.

House remodeling experts

  1. Renovation contractors
  2. Garage conversion
  3. Soundproofing renovation
  4. Sustainable renovation materials
  5. Closet renovations
  6. Exterior home renovation
  7. Drywall installation and repair
  8. Custom cabinetry
  9. Home gym remodeling
  10. Walk-in shower installation
  11. Structural renovation
  12. Custom home remodeling
  13. Aging-in-place renovations
  14. Soaking tub installation
  15. Basement waterproofing
  16. Interior painting
  17. Home office renovation
  18. Eco-friendly renovations
  19. Exterior painting

Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey Property Enhancement Projects

Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Bedroom remodeling

  • Project management
  • Countertop installation
  • Open concept renovation
  • Home renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • House remodeling experts
  • Basement suite construction
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Custom design-build services
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Attic renovation
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage conversion
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Sustainable renovation materials
believes in transparent communication throughout the entire process. Whether you're looking for eco-friendly paint options or energy-efficient windows, we've got you covered. Beyond completing your home renovation, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures you're fully supported with exceptional aftercare services. It's about creating a cohesive system that enhances your living experience. Behind every successful project in our portfolio, you'll find a dedicated professional team committed to turning your home improvement dreams into reality.

What really sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd apart is their commitment to finishing on time and within budget.

Bedroom remodeling

  1. Electrical renovations
  2. Fence and gate installation
  3. Renovation cost estimates
  4. Living room renovation
  5. Roofing and gutters
  6. Home insulation upgrades
  7. Outdoor kitchen installation
  8. Mudroom design
  9. Modern home renovation Surrey
  10. Porch renovation
  11. Kitchen renovation
  12. Laminate flooring installation
  13. Entertainment room renovation
  14. Fireplace remodeling
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You'll find that our pricing isn't just competitive; it's designed with your budget in mind. Their competitive pricing, attention to detail, and commitment to sustainable practices further cement their position. Open concept renovation You can rest easy knowing that your investment is built to last.

You'll work closely with their design team to ensure your vision comes to life. It's not just about finishing the project; it's about ensuring you're delighted with every detail. They'll walk you through the various services they offer, helping you to understand how they can meet your unique needs. This approach not only saves you time but also money in the long run, as their enhancements are designed to stand the test of time.

You'll sit down with a team of experts who are passionate about transforming spaces while keeping an eye on eco-friendly practices. You're not just getting a personalized touch; you're assured that every detail, from materials to craftsmanship, is of the highest caliber. Instead, they provide innovative designs, quality materials, and meticulous attention to detail, ensuring the final result is as unique as you are. That's why they've committed to sourcing only the best for your home.

Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey Property Enhancement Projects
Luxury Bathroom Design Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Luxury Bathroom Design Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

They don't stop there; they also offer exterior makeovers, including landscaping and painting, to boost curb appeal. Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Basement finishing

  1. Porch renovation
  2. Kitchen renovation
  3. Laminate flooring installation
  4. Entertainment room renovation
  5. Fireplace remodeling
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  7. Full-service renovation Surrey
  8. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  9. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  10. Whole house renovation
  11. Financing options for renovation
  12. Lighting upgrades
  13. Bathroom tile renovation
  14. Flooring installation
  15. Home improvement services
  16. Landscaping and hardscaping
takes pride in their project management approach, guaranteeing that your home improvement project isn't just a vision, but a successfully completed reality. Countertop installation This is where Canyon Property Projects Ltd. steps in, offering customized solutions that cater to both realtors and homeowners in Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey. It's not just about a fresh coat of paint; it's about a comprehensive approach that considers landscaping, exterior lighting, and even the front door.

Home improvement services

  1. Custom cabinetry
  2. Home gym remodeling
  3. Walk-in shower installation
  4. Structural renovation
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  6. Aging-in-place renovations
  7. Soaking tub installation
  8. Basement waterproofing
  9. Interior painting
  10. Home office renovation
  11. Eco-friendly renovations
  12. Exterior painting
  13. Bathroom renovation
  14. Local home renovators Surrey
  15. Home addition services
  16. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  17. Surrey heritage home restoration
  18. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  19. Home theater installation
  20. Crown molding installation


We know you're eager to see your vision come to life, without unnecessary delays. It's a win-win scenario where you get the home improvements you desire while supporting sustainability efforts. Following this initial discussion, their team crafts a customized plan that aligns with your goals and budget.

Moreover, their team is comprised of highly skilled professionals, each an expert in their respective fields. You'll appreciate their attention to detail, from the choice of soothing color palettes to the installation of energy-efficient lighting that enhances the ambiance of your space. Whether you're eyeing a full-scale renovation or a simple refresh, they've got you covered.

Choosing them for your full-scale renovation project means settling for nothing less than exceptional craftsmanship, innovative solutions, and a home that truly feels like yours. These transformations aren't just for show. From securing necessary permits to the final touches, they'll manage every aspect, making the process as stress-free as possible for you.

Complete Home Overhaul Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey

You'll appreciate the transparency and organization, making it easier for you to track progress and costs. Their team doesn't just fill rooms with furniture; they breathe life into your home, ensuring every corner reflects your individuality and lifestyle. This team doesn't just work for you; they collaborate with you, making sure that every aspect of the project meets your standards and surpasses your expectations. They understand that your home isn't just a place to live; it's a space that should adapt to your lifestyle and needs.
This isn't about imposing a style but about uncovering the perfect balance between aesthetics and functionality that speaks to you.

Open concept renovation

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  8. Local home renovators Surrey
  9. Home addition services
  10. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  11. Surrey heritage home restoration
  12. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  13. Home theater installation
  14. Crown molding installation
  15. Electrical renovations
  16. Fence and gate installation
  17. Renovation cost estimates
By choosing them, you're not just getting a kitchen renovation; you're investing in a space that will bring joy and value for years to come. Whether it's a simple refurbishment or a comprehensive home renovation, you're in good hands.
Let them help you make your dream home a reality. Whether it's through sustainable building practices that promise a greener future, personalized renovations that cater uniquely to the homeowner's lifestyle, or comprehensive quality control that ensures every project is nothing short of perfection, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is leading the way. Let's bring your home improvement dreams to life, knowing you're in skilled and caring hands.
They don't just upgrade; they transform your bathroom into a sanctuary where you can unwind in style. For those looking to update their living space, their interior design services can transform any room into a stylish, functional area. Not only do these improvements make your home more comfortable and efficient for current living, but they also make it stand out in the competitive real estate market.

Explore Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey here

Bedroom remodeling

  • Closet renovations
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Structural renovation
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Interior painting
  • Home office renovation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Exterior painting
  • Bathroom renovation
Complete Home Overhaul Open Concept Kitchen Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

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Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

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Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

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PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

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Piping systems

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The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

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Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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